Author: kseptek

The primary motivation to develop pleated membrane cartridges was the need of an increased in the filter area sufficient to secure the engineering advantages of lower applied differential pressure and larger volume flows. Achieving this goal in the pleated filter cartridge form means, moreover that less planned space needed to be allocated for filter installations.…

People looking for the right Water Purification System often ask, “What’s the difference between RO and DI water purification technologies?” To answer the question, the individual technologies need to be understood. Reverse Osmosis (RO) is the opposite of a natural process simply called osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.…

GMP or ‘Good Manufacturing Practice’ is the area of quality assurance which ensures that medicinal (and some food) products are consistently produced and controlled to the quality standards appropriate for their intended use and as required by the product specification. In this respect, GMP is concerned with both quality control and production. “The FDA inspects…

Light waves are a form of electromagnetic energy. The measurement unit of wavelength used to describe light waves is called a nanometer (nm). A nanometer is 1/1,000,000,000 of a meter. Visible light wavelengths fall in the range of 400 – 700 nm. Infrared heat lamps produce relatively longwavelengths in the range of 700-1000 nm. UV…

In most cases, a single filter sufficiently ensures the sterility of a final product. For fluids containing particles, a cascade of prefilters and final filters increases filtration capability. Redundant filtration using two sterilizing-grade filters sequentially is often believed to prevent the loss of a product batch if one filter fails an integrity test. However, this…

According to a current American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard (F838-05), a sterilizing-grade filter must completely retain Brevundimonas diminuta microorganisms when challenged with 107 bacteria per cm² of filtration area. Standard integrity tests applied by end-users, such as the bubble point or diffusion tests, have to be correlated with the bacterial challenge tests. In principle, porometric…

Physical Properties: Pore size and distribution have the greatest impact on the effectiveness of activated carbon filtration. The best filtration occurs when carbon pores are barely large enough to allow for the adsorption of contaminants. The type of contaminants an activated carbon attracts will depend on the pore size of the filter, which varies based…

The simple definition of the whole food sector is that food processing takes clean, freshly harvested crops or freshly butchered animal products, and uses them to produce attractive, marketable food products, with an adequate shelf life. Similarly beverage processing takes clean fresh water and, with appropriate admixture of fruit and vegetable components, uses it to…

Prefiltration can be described simply as any filtration step incorporated into a manufacturing process prior to the final filtration. In practically, a final filter is a microporous membrane, which is manufactured from high-tech polymers. It is normally in pore size designations of 0.04 – 8 micron. These filters retain particles of sizes larger than their…

Polypropylene (PP) fibers are widely used in filter manufacturing. PP can be formed into fleeces and mats of various fiber diameters that are bonded permanently cross link by heat, being joined by melting, to minimize or eliminate media migration. The melt-spinning method of permanently fixing the fibers to one another, replaced the adhesives and mechanical…